Позитивные изменения. Города будущего. Тематический выпуск, 2022 / Positive changes. The cities of the future. Special issue, 2022

• Пункты выдачи заказов маркетплейсов и соседских чатов;

• Коворкинги, открытые мастерские и образовательные пространства (общие и тематические);

• Шеринг-сервисы (точки обмена, дарения, проката);

• Строительство, ремонт, хозтовары;

• Службы быта и агрегаторы сервисов по хозяйству;

• Центры взаимопомощи (Добро. Центры, АВЦ);

• Центры раздельного сбора отходов (пищевых, ТБО и т. д.)

и так далее — по мере реализации инициатив и проектов в сфере малого и среднего предпринимательства, социального предпринимательства, социальных и благотворительных проектов.

Таким образом, наличие и развитие инфраструктуры становится результатом инициатив жителей и платформой для реализации новых инициатив, а также магнитом для притяжения инновационных технологических и социальных элементов в города будущего с территорий других городов и стран.

Реализацию многих из предложенных принципов уже сейчас можно увидеть в пространстве строящихся микрорайонов и целых городов, в России и за рубежом, что задает новую моду на устойчивые практики развития территорий, которые открыты к переменам и обеспечивают разнообразие сценариев жизни в городе с уважением и к природе, и к сообществу жителей.

СПИСОК ИСТОЧНИКОВ

1. Su, S., He, S., Sun, C., Zhang, H., Hu, L., & Kang, M. (2021). Do landscape amenities impact private housing rental prices? A hierarchical hedonic modeling approach based on semantic and sentimental analysis of online housing advertisements across five Chinese megacities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 58, 126968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126968.

2. Котов, Е. А., Гончаров, Р. В., Новиков, А. В., Никогосян, К. С., & Городничев, А. В. (2016). Москва: курс на полицентричность. Оценка эффектов градостроительных проектов на полицентрическое развитие Москвы. М.: Изд. дом Высшей школы экономики.

3. Урри, Д. (2012). Социология за пределами обществ: виды мобильности для XXI столетия. М.: Изд. дом Высшей школы экономики, 31–41.

Designing the City of the Future: the Basic Principles of Impact Investment

Vladimir Vainer, Ivan Smekalin

DOI 10.55140/2782-5817-2022-2-S2-42-47

The construction and modernization of cities is one of the most important and complex areas of impact investment. The urban environment is changing. The entire scenarios of the people’s lives are changing, and it seems important to make sure these changes are positive. This article presents an extended interpretation of the results of a study devoted to the analysis and identification of key trends and approaches to the design of the City of the Future, conducted by the Positive Changes Factory. The main trends identified are described in the previous article in this issue.

Vladimir Vainer

Director, Positive Changes Factory

Ivan Smekalin

Analyst, Positive Changes Factory, MA in Sociology student (EHESS, Paris)

Based on a review of existing concepts of the cities of the future worldwide, the principles of sustainable and inclusive urban design, taking into account the Russian context and understanding of the city as a community, we can formulate the following set of principles of the City of the Future, which can also be designated as the principles of impact investment in urban development projects.

1. ADAPTABILITY OF THE TERRITORY TO INNOVATION

Innovation is changing the faces of the cities, filling them with new scenarios for living and using familiar infrastructure. The City of the Future is open to change, and in the words of Bjarke Ingels, the City of the Future is not finished content; it is a form, which can be adapted for the public good to conditions that are unknown in advance.

The engagement of residents through various forms of participation and the responsible use of nature form is the basis for the sustainable development of a city that cannot remain static over time.

2. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CO-CREATIVE DESIGN

The City of the Future cannot be a universal project; it can only fit into the existing territory and be aligned with the needs of its future residents. Hence the maximum demand for the invented solutions and responsibility for the future territory.

Reliance on the community of residents is noted as a feature of the Brighter World format projects being implemented in Russia, where the community is formed around the neighborhood infrastructure (neighborhood centers and cafes, community restaurants, co-working spaces and clubs, various forms of local public spaces, preventive medicine centers, etc.).

Moreover, by 2022 a project has been shaped up in Russia that envisages the creation of infrastructure for social activities in literally every city. The Dobro.Centers franchise is designed to develop social and civic initiatives in the city through the creation of infrastructure for engaging residents in the positive change projects and developing a community — the very community that makes a city.

3. LOCAL IDENTITY AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE TERRITORY

Identity research and development are becoming part of territorial development. Placing local sights in the area under design forms a point of attraction and helps implement regional tourism routes: a museum of contemporary art, open-air museum, sports facilities, iconic architectural objects, social and cultural projects.

One example is the residential complex in Novo-Peredelkino, which pays tribute to the cultural heritage of Peredelkino, the dacha village where famous writers, including Boris Pasternak and Korney Chukovsky, used to work. This identity can be cultivated and created from scratch.

4. A VARIETY OF FORMS AND SCENARIOS OF LIVING WITH AN EMPHASIS ON EDUCATIONAL AND WELLNESS PRACTICES

The value of living in a particular city is determined by what living scenarios are available to a person. Is it just a bedroom community with a business center, or is there a wide range of "third," public, places available to city dwellers? The mandatory set of infrastructure facilities includes:

• park areas;

• sports fields;

• neighborhood centers;

• retail stores;

• entertainment and recreational facilities;

• schools / kindergartens;

• healthcare institutions;

• sociocultural sites.

Recent large-sample empirical studies of the demand for residential estate show that apartment buyers give weight to the availability of infrastructure such as stores, public transportation, recreational facilities, medical and educational institutions (Su et al., 2021). Apartments located close to such infrastructure usually sell for more, and therefore are in greater demand.

5. OPENNESS AND SHARED URBAN SPACES

Shared use of social infrastructure areas and buildings is important to establish social connections and prevent isolation of social groups and spaces. Schools, lecture halls, exhibition spaces, a theater, a swimming pool, a gymnasium, stadiums and playgrounds in the neighborhood, municipal administration spaces (such as meeting rooms) should become part of the well-being of all neighborhood residents and be open to them in the evening, sometimes even during the day and on weekends.

Reliance on the community of residents is noted as a feature of the Brighter World format projects being implemented in Russia, where the community is formed around the neighborhood infrastructure.

6. POLYCENTRICITY AND CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN ATTRACTION POINTS FOR RESIDENTS

The principle of territorial development, wherein comfort depends on the provision of all possible amenities and services within walking distance from the place of residence, as well as the possibility of local application of labor. It contributes to the principles of organizing the territory of the City of the Future and filling it with infrastructure.

The example of a polycentric orientation in Russian development is quite obvious — the emergence of New Moscow is positioned precisely as a polycentric response to the challenges of the Russian capital (Kotov et al., 2016). A few years ago, the points of attraction in Moscow were increasingly getting concentrated in the city center, causing a degradation of residential areas and decreasing transport accessibility in the downtown. With the establishment of alternative centers of gravity like the Moscow City and the New Moscow, some experts are hoping for a change in the status quo.

7. NEW MOBILITY AND PEDESTRIAN PRIORITY

This is the principle of 15-minute accessibility of all necessary infrastructure and well-thought-out walking routes. A variety of pedestrian routes and short distances between points of attraction allow residents to walk more without falling behind the rhythm of city life. At the same time, extensive transport network and safe speeds create comfortable conditions for any other form of travename = "note" by bicycle or scooter, by bus, and in the extreme case by car.

The British sociologist John Urry presents the human being as a creature existing within time, and therefore in need of some kind of mobility — cultural, social, etc. Therefore, the city becomes a set of mobilities that are available to the individual in varying degrees. From this perspective, sidewalks become not just infrastructure, but places for social activity (Urry, 2012).

Many of the proposed principles are already being implemented in newly developed spaces within various neighborhoods and even cities. This sets a new fashion for sustainable development practices of areas.

8. CLOSENESS TO NATURE AND A WATER-AND-VEGETATION STRUCTURE This is what creates an attractive environment to live in, starting from day one. The implementation of "vegetation" infrastructure in the form of a boulevard will ensure the principle of cleaner development from the downtown to the outskirts. Also, in absence of enclosed neighborhood development, the boulevards penetrate residential development, creating a variety of "green" pedestrian routes. The use of the existing water resource in the area will make the residence more attractive and increase the number of recreational scenarios for the locals

9. RESPONSIBLE ENVIRONMENTALISM

The City of the Future creates responsible residents who are aware of their life scenarios (including health and education), their social involvement, and the preservation and multiplication of natural diversity. However, in order for the residents to be able to demonstrate their responsible attitude to nature, the City of the Future must have a full range of social and economic infrastructure with an emphasis on a responsible attitude towards the ecosystems:

• Stationary retail (chain stores, local stores, yard sale stores);

• Mobile retail (market squares, weekend markets, free markets);

• Catering (neighborhood cafes, community restaurants, buffets, open kitchens, food courts);

• Stationary food market;

• Wellness, diagnostic and beauty services;

• Pickup points for marketplaces and neighborhood chats;

• Co-working areas, open workshops and educational spaces (general and thematic);

• Sharing services (exchange, donation, and rental points);

• Construction, repair, household goods;

• Household services and aggregators of household services;

• Mutual Aid Centers (Dobro.Centers, Volunteer Centers Association);

• Separate waste collection centers (food, municipal solid waste, etc.)

and so on — as initiatives and projects are implemented in the field of small and medium-sized businesses, social entrepreneurship, social and charitable projects.

Thus, the availability and development of infrastructure becomes the result of the residents’ initiatives and a platform for the implementation of new initiatives, as well as a magnet attracting innovative technological and social elements to the Cities of the Future from other cities and countries.

Many of the proposed principles are already being implemented in newly developed spaces within various neighborhoods and even cities, in Russia and abroad. This sets a new fashion for sustainable development practices of areas that are open to change and provide a variety of scenarios of city living with respect for both nature and the community of residents.

REFERENCES

1. Su, S., He, S., Sun, C., Zhang, H., Hu, L., & Kang, M. (2021). Do landscape amenities impact private housing rental prices? A hierarchical hedonic modeling approach based on semantic and sentimental analysis of online housing advertisements across five Chinese megacities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 58, 126968. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126968.

2. Kotov, E. A., Goncharov, R. V., Novikov, A. V., Nikogosyan, K. S., & Gorodnichev, A. V. (2016). Moscow: A Course Toward Polycentricity. Assessment of the Effects of Urban Development Projects on the Polycentric Development of Moscow. Moscow: Higher School of Economics Publishing House.

3. Urry, J. (2012). Sociology Beyond Societies: Types of Mobility for the 21st Century. Moscow: Higher School of Economics Publishing House, pp. 31–41.

Кейс выпуска / Case

Сообщества как драйвер развития территории. Опыт проекта «Солидарные сообщества»

Евгения Рудина-Ладыжец

DOI 10.55140/2782-5817-2022-2-S2-48-59

Соучастное проектирование, организация сообществ, лидеры изменений, вовлечение граждан — понятия, за последние три года прочно вошедшие в оборот, если речь заходит о развитии территорий. Стоит отметить, что в общественном сознании связаны все эти термины, скорее, с урбанистикой и благоустройством, нежели с социальной сферой. Так что такое сообщества и могут ли они развивать территорию? Своим взглядом и опытом делится Фонд Тимченко, чья программа поддержки социокультурных проектов стала драйвером развития малых территорий.

Евгения Рудина-Ладыжец

Руководитель пилотного проекта «Солидарные сообщества» Фонда Тимченко

ПРО МАТЧАСТЬ

Несмотря на то, что понятия «сообщество», «социальная сплоченность» и «социальный капитал» активно развиваются с 1980-х научными деятелями из разных сфер, от психологии до экономики, единого подхода к ним сейчас нет. Более того, с начала 2000-х западные ученые (Клод Фишер, Майкл Вулкок) в целом критикуют эти понятия как впитавшие слишком обширный смысл и оттого потерявшие свое значение и конкретность. В России трудов, посвященных теме сообществ и связанным с ними понятиям, не так много, и в основном они выстроены на исследованиях городских сред и соседских сообществ (Карасев Ф. Г., Шомина Е. С., Гужавина Т. А.). Так или иначе, большая часть исследователей сходится в одном — и социальный капитал как совокупность сильных и слабых связей, и объединение людей по ряду признаков в сплоченную группу, происходят не сами по себе в вакууме, а для достижения неких общих благ в будущем.

Согласно исследованию, которое провела по заказу Фонда Тимченко в 2020–2021 году КБ Стрелка совместно с приглашенными экспертами, красной линией за историю использования термина «сообщество» проходят три основных интерпретации: связь с местом, общие интересы и социальная солидарность, общественный активизм. В своей работе мы постарались объединить эти интерпретации.

Совмещая эти подходы, у нас получились следующие определения:

Местное сообщество — сообщество, которое объединяет людей, совместно проживающих на одной территории. Чем меньше населенный пункт, тем теснее социальные связи, которые объединяют людей внутри сообщества (классическая модель местного сообщества — сельская община). В крупных городах местные сообщества начинают дробиться по районам и соседствам, начинают иметь меньшую роль в жизни социума.

Вовлечение — включение в принятие решений всех заинтересованных сторон, которых коснутся изменения: жителей близлежащей территории, местных сообществ, активистов, представителей административных структур, локального бизнеса, представителей экспертного сообщества и других заинтересованных в проекте сторон для совместного определения целей и задач развития территории, выявления истинных проблем и потребностей людей, совместного принятия решений, разрешения конфликтов и повышения эффективности общих действий.

Солидарность — осознание людьми общих интересов и решение общих проблем на принципах взаимопонимания, взаимоуважения и взаимопомощи, совместного разделения ответственности.

Рефлективная солидарность (это понятие пригодится нам ближе к концу) — осознанное преодоление границы между представителями разных групп, направленное на улучшение качества жизни всех жителей территории, в том числе и представителей уязвимых групп.